The reign of terror, 379. The tyrannies of Ferdinand “the Desired,” 380. A serial revolution, 382. Châteaubriand’s account of the chaos, 386. Civil war, 387. Intervention of the Holy Alliance, 389. The French invasion, 390. The return of Ferdinand, 392. Rise of Carlism, 395. War of the Christinos and Carlists, 396. The stormy regency of Christina, 398. Espartero regent, 399. The profligate queen Isabella II, 399. The rebellion of 1868, 402. Pirala on the “Mild Anarchy” of 1869, 403. Estimate of Cherbuliez of General Prim, 404. The hunt for a king, 406. Amadeo’s reign and the republic, 407. Republican Spain under Castelar, 411. The Basques and Carlism, 412. The dictatorship of Serrano, 414. The Bourbon Alfonso XII elected, 416. Alfonso XII and the European powers, 418. The regency of Maria Christina, 418. BRIEF REFERENCE-LIST OF AUTHORITIES BY CHAPTERS 422 BOOK II. THE HISTORY OF PORTUGAL FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES TO THE PRESENT CHAPTER I EARLY HISTORY TO JOÃO I (TO 1383 A.D.) 425 Land and people, 425. The origin of Portugal, 427. Herculano’s estimate of the first Portuguese king, 432. Reigns of Sancho I and Alfonso II, 434. Sancho II called Capello (“the hooded”), 437. Sancho deposed, Alfonso III succeeds, 438. Political importance of Alfonso’s reign, 440. Don Diniz, 441. The romance of Iñes de Castro, 444. Pedro the Severe, 446. CHAPTER II THE PERIOD OF GLORY AND DISCOVERY (1383-1521 A.D.) 452 The taking of Ceuta, 455. Prince Henry the Navigator, 459. The reign of Duarte, or Edward, 461. The regency of Pedro, 465. Alfonso V and La Beltraneja, 468. Reign of João (II) the Perfect, 470. Character of João II, 472. Progress in discovery, 474. Martius’ account of Vasco and Cabral, 475. The conquest of India, 479. Emmanuel the Fortunate, 484. The great voyage of Magellan, 486. CHAPTER III THE FALL, THE CAPTIVITY, AND THE REVOLUTION (1521-1640 A.D.) 489 The Portuguese in Africa, India, and Brazil, 490. Ennes’ account of the decadence of Portugal, 492. The regencies and the reign of Sebastian, 495. The débâcle at Kassr-el-Kebir, 496. The cardinal-king and the Portuguese succession, 498. Philip II of Spain becomes Philip I of Portugal, 500. The English in Portugal, 502. The false Sebastians, 503. Chagas’ account of the loss of the colonies, 504. Domestic disaster, 506. Philip II, 508. Philip III (Philip IV of Spain), 508. Ennes’ account of the conspiracy, 510. Chagas’ account of the 1st of December, 511. CHAPTER IV JOÃO IV TO JOÃO VI (1640-1822 A.D.) 514