The great powers of the eighth century: Romans, Franks, Saracens 122 Character of the Caliphate; its divisions 122 Relations between the Franks and the Empire 123 Lombard conquest of the Exarchate 123 Conquest of the Lombards by Charles the Great; he holds Lombardy as a separate kingdom 123 His Roman title of Patrician 123-124 Effects of his Imperial coronation; final division of the Empire 124 The two Empires become severally German and Greek; their separation and rivalry 124-125 The two Empires and the two Caliphates 125-126 Extent of the Carolingian Empire 126 Conquest of Saxony; dealings with Scandinavia; frontier of the Eider 126-127 Relations with the Slaves; overthrow of the Avars 127 The Spanish March 128 Divisions of the Empire; kingdoms of Aquitaine and Italy 128 Use of the names _Francia_, _Gallia_, _Germania_ 129 § 6. _Northern Europe._ Lands beyond the Empire: Scandinavia and Britain 129 Stages of English Conquest in Britain; Teutonic and Celtic states 129-130 Supremacy of Wessex 130 Denmark; Norway; Sweden 130-131 Different directions of the Scandinavian settlements 131 Summary 131-133 Religious changes 132 Note on the Slavonic settlements 133 CHAPTER VI. THE BEGINNING OF THE MODERN EUROPEAN STATES. § 1. _The Division of the Frankish Empire._ Break-up of the Frankish power; origin of the states of modern Europe 134 Kingdoms of Italy and Aquitaine 134 Division of 817 135 Union of Neustria and Aquitaine; first glimpses of modern France 135 Division of Verdun; Eastern and Western _Francia_; _Lotharingia_; the Western Kingdom or Karolingia 137 Middle Kingdom or _Burgundy_ 137 Union under Charles the Fat; division on his deposition 137 No formal titles used; various names for the German Kingdom 138 Connexion between the German Kingdom and the Roman Empire 139 Extent of the German Kingdom; its duchies and _marks_ 139-140