Separation of the Prussian and Livonian knights; duchy of Prussia; union of Prussia and Brandenburg; Prussia independent of Poland 503-504 Fall of the Livonian knights; partition of their dominions; duchy of Curland; shares of Denmark, Sweden, Poland, and Russia 504 Greatest Baltic extent of Poland and Lithuania; union of Lublin 505 Advance of Russia; its order; the Euxine reached last 505-506 Recovery of Russian lands from Lithuania; Polish conquest of Russia; second Russian advance; Peace of Andraszovo; recovery of Kief 506 Russian superiority over the Cossacks; Podolia ceded to the Turk 506-507 Comparison of Swedish and Russian advance 507 Advance under and after Gustavus Adolphus; conquests from Russia and Poland; Ingermanland; Livland 507-508 Conquests from Denmark and Norway; Dago and Oesel; Scania, &c.; restoration of Trondhjem 508-509 Fiefs of Sweden within the Empire; Pomerania; Bremen and Verden 509 Fluctuations in the duchies; Danish possession of Oldenburg 509 Sweden after the peace of Oliva 510 Eastern advance of Russia; Kasan and Astrakhan; Siberia 511 § 5. _The Decline of Sweden and Poland._ Decline of Sweden; extinction of Poland; kingdom of Prussia; empire of Russia 511-512 Russia on the Baltic; conquest of Livland, &c.; foundation of Saint Petersburg; advance in Finland 512 German losses of Sweden: Bremen, Verden, part of Pomerania 513 Union of the Gottorp lands and Denmark 513 First partition of Poland; recovery of lost lands by Russia; geographical union of Prussia and Brandenburg; Polish and Russian lands acquired by Austria 513-514 Second partition: Russian and Prussian shares 514 Third partition: extinction of Poland and Lithuania 514-515 No strictly Polish territory acquired by Russia; the old Poland passes to Prussia, Chrobatia to Austria 515 Russian advance on the Euxine, Azof; Crim; Jedisan 515-516 Temporary Russian advance on the Caspian; superiority over Georgia 516 Survey at the end of the eighteenth century 517 § 6. _The Modern Geography of the Baltic Lands._ Effects of the fall of the Empire; incorporation of the German lands of Sweden and Denmark 518 Russian conquest of Finland 518