Union of Sweden and Norway; loss of Swedish Pomerania 518-519 Denmark enters the German Confederation for Holstein and Lauenburg; loss of these duchies and of Sleswick 519 Polish losses of Prussia; commonwealth of Danzig; Duchy of Warsaw 519-520 Polish territory recovered by Prussia; Russian kingdom of Poland; commonwealth of Cracow; its annexation by Austria 520 Fluctuation on the Moldavian border 521 Russian advance in the Caucasus and on the Caspian 521 Advance in Turkestan and Eastern Asia; extent and character of the Russian dominion 522-523 Russian America 523 Final survey of the Baltic lands 523-524 CHAPTER XII. THE SPANISH PENINSULA AND ITS COLONIES. Analogy between Spain and Scandinavia; slight relation of Spain with the Empire; break between its earlier and later history 525 Comparison of Spain and the Eastern Empire; the Spanish nation formed by the Saracen wars; analogy between Spain and Russia 525-526 Extent of West-Gothic and Saracen dominions; two centres of deliverance, native and Frankish 526-527 History of Aragon, Castile, and Portugal; use of the phrase ‘Spain and Portugal’ 527-528 Navarre 528 § 1. _The Foundation of the Spanish Kingdoms._ Beginning of the kingdom of Leon 529 The Ommiad emirate; the Spanish March; its divisions 529 Navarre under Sancho the Great 529-530 Break-up of the kingdom of Navarre, and of the Ommiad caliphate; small Mussulman powers 530 Invasion of the Almoravides; use of the name _Moors_ 530 New kingdoms: Castile, Aragon, and Sobrarbe; union of Aragon and Sobrarbe 530 Shiftings of Castile, Leon, and Gallicia; final union; Castilian Empire 531 Decline of Navarre; growth of Aragon; union of Aragon and Barcelona; end of French superiority 531 County and kingdom of Portugal 532 Advance of Castile; taking of Toledo; checked by the Almoravides 532 Advance of Aragon; taking of Zaragoza 532 Advance of Portugal; taking of Lisbon 533 Second advance of Castile; invasion of the Almohades; their decline 533