The Kansas University Quarterly, Vol. I, No. 2, October 1892Various
History
The Kansas University Quarterly, Vol. I, No. 2, October 1892
Various
Natural history -- Periodicals; Science -- Periodicals
If one of the critic centres be taken for origin, we can readily see
that such a point is also a critic centre on each of its systems of
polar curves. It is thus at a vertex of the self-polar triangle of
its system of polar conics and the opposite side of the triangle is
the common polar line of the critic centre with respect to each of
the systems of curves. The tangents at the node of the nodal quartic
coincide with those of its polar cubic and these we know coincide with
the lines which constitute its polar conic.
If two of the sixteen basal points coincide, such a point is a critic
centre. The argument is the same as for a system of cubics. We can also
see that two of the basal points of each of its systems of polar curves
coincide at the critic centre. The sixteen basal points of the system
of quartics may unite two and two so that it is possible to draw a
system of quartics touching eight given lines each at a fixed point.
If three of the basal points of our system of quartics coincide, all
the quartics have at such a point a common point of inflection and a
common inflectional tangent. The demonstration is the same as that
already given for cubics. The system of polar cubics of such a point
also have this point for a common point if inflection and the same
tangent for a common inflectional tangent. I prefer to show this
analytically for the sake of the method. The equation of the system of
quartics having the origin for a common point of inflection and the
axis of y for a common inflectional tangent may be written
u₄ + u₃ + {(B + kB₁)xy + (C + kC₁)y²} + (A + kA₁)y = 0.
The equation of the polar cubics of the origin is therefore,
u₃ + 2{(B + kB₁)xy + (C + kC₁)y²} + 3(A + kA₁)y = 0,
which proves the proposition. The properties of the system of polar
conics of such a point are therefore the same as those already proved
for cubics. One quartic of the system has a double point at the common
point of inflection of the others.
When four basal points coincide they give rise either to a common point
of undulation or a common double point on all the quartics of the
system. The equation of the system having a common point of undulation
may be written
u₄ + (A + kA₁)x²y + (B + kB₁)xy² + (C + kC₁)y³
+ (D + kD₁)xy + (E + kE₁)y² + (F + kF₁)y = 0.
There is one value of k for which the last term vanishes, and hence the
origin is a critic centre. The polar cubics of the point of undulation
break up into a system of conics through four points and the common
tangent at the common point of undulation. For the equation of the
polar cubics is
y{(A + kA₁)x² + (B + kK₁)xy + (C + kC₁)y²
+ 2(D + kD₁)x + 2(E + kE₁)y + (F + kF₁)} = 0.
The system of polar conics of the origin consequently breaks up into
the line y = 0 and a pencil meeting in a point. The common tangent at
the common point of undulation is also the common polar line of the
point of undulation.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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