The logic of modern physicsBridgman, P. W. (Percy Williams)
Philosophy
The logic of modern physics
Bridgman, P. W. (Percy Williams)
Physics -- Philosophy
An examination of many of the so-called "explanations" of quantum theory
constitutes at once a justification of the definition of explanation
given above, and of the statement that in quantum phenomena we are at an
explanatory crisis. For the endeavor of all these quantum explanations
is to find in every new or more complicated situation the same elements
which have already been met in simpler situations, and which are
therefore relatively more familiar. For example, many quantum phenomena
are made to involve the emission of energy when an electron jumps from
one orbit to another. But always the elements to which reduction is made
are themselves quantum phenomena, and these are still so new and
unfamiliar that we feel an instinctive need for explanation in other
terms. We seek to understand why the electron emits when it jumps.
The explanatory crisis which now confronts us in relativity and quantum
phenomena is but a repetition of what has occurred many time in the
past. A similar crisis confronted Prometheus when he discovered fire,
and the first man who observed a straw sticking to a piece of rubbed
amber, or a suspended lodestone seeking the north star. Every kitten is
confronted with such a crisis at the end of nine days. Whenever
experience takes us into new and unfamiliar realms, we are to be at
least prepared for a new crisis.
Now what are we to do in such a crisis? It seems to me that the only
sensible course is to do exactly what the kitten does, namely, to wait
until we have amassed so much experience of the new kind that it is
perfectly familiar to us, and then to resume the process of explanation
with elements from our new experience included in our list of axioms.
Not only will observation show that this is what is now actually being
done with respect to quantum and gravitational phenomena, but it is in
harmony with the entire spirit of our outlook on nature. All our
knowledge is in terms of experience; we should not expect or desire to
erect an explanatory structure different in character from that of
experience. Our experience is finite; on the confines of the
experimentally attainable it becomes hazy, and the concepts in terms of
which we describe it fuse together and lose independent meaning.
Furthermore, at every extension of our experimental range we must be
prepared to find, and as a matter of fact we have often found, that we
encounter phenomena of an entirely novel character for which previous
experience has given us no preparation. The explanatory structure
proposed above has all these properties; it is finite, being terminated
by the edge of experiment, the final stages of our explanations are hazy
in that it becomes more and more difficult to distinguish elements of
familiar experience, and every now and then we must admit new elements
into our explanations.
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