A large proportion of plant tissues consist of cellulose and its derivatives. These compounds are consequently of great importance in the soil. Unfortunately our knowledge of the processes by which cellulose is broken down in the soil is very inadequate. The early experimental study of cellulose decomposition, such as that of Tappeiner[60] and Hoppe-Seyler,[33] was mostly carried out under conditions of inadequate aeration, and the products of decomposition were found to include methane and CO₂, and sometimes fatty acids and hydrogen. The bacteriology of this anaerobic decomposition was studied by Omelianski,[54] who described two spore-bearing organisms, one of which attacked cellulose with the production of hydrogen, and the other with the production of methane. Both species also produce fatty acids and CO₂. It is probable that these organisms operate in the soil under conditions of inadequate aeration. In swamp soils, in which rice is grown, it has been shown that methane, hydrogen, and CO₂ are evolved in the lower layers. In these soils, however, the methane and hydrogen are oxidised when they reach the surface layers. This oxidation is also effected by micro-organisms. Bacteria capable of deriving energy by the oxidation of hydrogen gas have been isolated and studied by Kaserer,[37] and by Nabokich and Lebedeff,[52] while Söhngen[57] has isolated an organism which he named _Bacillus methanicus_, that was capable of oxidising methane. Under normal conditions in cultivated soils, however, the decomposition of cellulose takes place in the presence of an adequate air supply, and so follows a different course from that studied by Omelianski. Our knowledge of this aerobic decomposition is very scanty. A number of bacteria, capable of decomposing cellulose aerobically, are known. A remarkable organism was investigated by Hutchinson and Clayton,[30] who named it _Spirochæta cytophaga_. This organism, which they isolated from Rothamsted soil, though placed among the _Spirochætoidea_, is of doubtful affinities. During the active condition it exists for the most part as thin flexible rods tapered at the extremities. This form passes into a spherical cyst-like stage, at first thought to be a distinct organism (Fig. 2). _Spirochæta cytophaga_ is very aerobic, working actively, only at the surface of the culture medium. It is very selective in its action. It appears unable to derive energy from any carbohydrate other than cellulose. Indeed, many of the simple carbohydrates, especially the reducing sugars, are toxic to the organism in pure culture. An extensive study of aerobic cellulose decomposition by bacteria was made by McBeth and Scales,[50] who isolated fifteen bacteria having this power. Five of these were spore-forming organisms. Unlike _Spirochæta cytophaga_, they are all able to develop on ordinary media such as beef agar or gelatine, and are thus not nearly so selective in their food requirements.