3. Besides “exclusive” and “concurrent” legislation there is also “normative” legislation. This is provided by Articles 10 and 11 and consists in the right of the Reich to “_lay down principles simply leaving the details to be enacted and carried out by the legislators of the state_.” According to Article 10 in this kind of legislation are included matters of vital importance from the points of view of culture and of social considerations. Already in its second part the Constitution enacts a certain number of principles to which both the legislators of the Reich and of the states are subjected. Article 11 deals with the “normative” competence of the Reich over financial legislation of the states. It was necessary that the Reich legislate on this question for otherwise there was the fear that the states, in attending to their own financial needs, would drain sources of revenue needed by the Reich. II.--AUTHORITY OF NATIONAL OVER STATE LAWS. However precise and rigorous may be the division of the authority between the Reich and the states, conflicts may nevertheless arise between the two. In such cases it was natural that the Reich should claim for its laws, “the authority of Empire surpasses the authority of states.” 3.--THE ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICES OF THE REICH. Before the Revolution the Reich did not have in principle an administration proper to it; the execution of the laws of the Empire were as a general rule assured by the functionaries of the member-states under the control of the Reich. The new Constitution continued, it is true, the same principle but it provided exceptions of the first importance. Three hypotheses must be noted here: 1. Certain powers belong exclusively to the Reich. They are those which we have enumerated as contained in Article 6. The Reich has the exclusive right to legislate on these matters, but in addition it has also the sole right to execute these laws; that is to say, it creates and directs the administrative services necessary to assure the application of the provisions which it has the exclusive right to promulgate. Foreign affairs, the army, the navy, etc., are administered directly by the Reich. But in addition in matters that belong concurrently both to the Reich and to the State and which have been placed in the hands of the Reich the latter has created a special administration which it directs itself, that of finances. 2. In other cases in which the Reich has the right to legislate and uses it, _it yet leaves the care of the execution of these laws to the functionaries of the State_. Although these public services are instituted and organized according to the laws of the Reich the functioning is assured exclusively by the officials of the state. There was formerly, and there still is to-day, the hypothesis of authority in common in matters of public security, assistance and the Reich.