§ 4. The Hamitic languages 154 § 5. The Ural-Altaic languages 156 § 6. The Chinese languages 157 § 7. Other language groups 157 § 8. Submerged and lost languages 161 § 9. How languages may be related 163 BOOK III THE DAWN OF HISTORY CHAPTER XV. THE ARYAN-SPEAKING PEOPLES IN PREHISTORIC TIMES § 1. The spreading of the Aryan-speakers 167 § 2. Primitive Aryan life 169 § 3. Early Aryan daily life 176 CHAPTER XVI. THE FIRST CIVILIZATIONS § 1. Early cities and early nomads 183 § 2A. The riddle of the Sumerians 188 § 2B. The empire of Sargon the First 191 § 2C. The empire of Hammurabi 191 § 2D. The Assyrians and their empire 192 § 2E. The Chaldean empire 194 § 3. The early history of Egypt 195 § 4. The early civilization of India 201 § 5. The early history of China 201 § 6. While the civilizations were growing 206 CHAPTER XVII. SEA PEOPLES AND TRADING PEOPLES § 1. The earliest ships and sailors 209 § 2. The Ægean cities before history 213 § 3. The first voyages of exploration 217 § 4. Early traders 218 § 5. Early travellers 220 CHAPTER XVIII. WRITING § 1. Picture writing 223 § 2. Syllable writing 227 § 3. Alphabet writing 228 § 4. The place of writing in human life 229 CHAPTER XIX. GODS AND STARS, PRIESTS AND KINGS § 1. Nomadic and settled religion 232 § 2. The priest comes into history 234 § 3. Priests and the stars 238 § 4. Priests and the dawn of learning 240 § 5. King against priests 241 § 6. How Bel-Marduk struggled against the kings 245 § 7. The god-kings of Egypt 248 § 8. Shi Hwang-ti destroys the books 252 CHAPTER XX. SERFS, SLAVES, SOCIAL CLASSES, AND FREE INDIVIDUALS