§ 1. The common man in ancient times 254 § 2. The earliest slaves 256 § 3. The first “independent” persons 259 § 4. Social classes three thousand years ago 262 § 5. Classes hardening into castes 266 § 6. Caste in India 268 § 7. The system of the Mandarins 270 § 8. A summary of five thousand years 272 BOOK IV JUDEA, GREECE, AND INDIA CHAPTER XXI. THE HEBREW SCRIPTURES AND THE PROPHETS § 1. The place of the Israelites in history 277 § 2. Saul, David, and Solomon 286 § 3. The Jews a people of mixed origin 292 § 4. The importance of the Hebrew prophets 294 CHAPTER XXII. THE GREEKS AND THE PERSIANS § 1. The Hellenic peoples 298 § 2. Distinctive features of the Hellenic civilization 304 § 3. Monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy in Greece 307 § 4. The kingdom of Lydia 315 § 5. The rise of the Persians in the East 316 § 6. The story of Crœsus 320 § 7. Darius invades Russia 326 § 8. The battle of Marathon 332 § 9. Thermopylæ and Salamis 334 § 10. Platæa and Mycale 340 CHAPTER XXIII. GREEK THOUGHT AND LITERATURE § 1. The Athens of Pericles 343 § 2. Socrates 350 § 3. What was the quality of the common Athenians? 352 § 4. Greek tragedy and comedy 354 § 5. Plato and the Academy 355 § 6. Aristotle and the Lyceum 357 § 7. Philosophy becomes unworldly 359 § 8. The quality and limitations of Greek thought 360 CHAPTER XXIV. THE CAREER OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT § 1. Philip of Macedonia 367 § 2. The murder of King Philip 373 § 3. Alexander’s first conquests 377 § 4. The wanderings of Alexander 385 § 5. Was Alexander indeed great? 389 § 6. The successors of Alexander 395 § 7. Pergamum a refuge of culture 396