Indians of North America -- Religion; Indians of North America -- Rites and ceremonies; Peyotism
[36] Fernberger (_Further Observations_, 368), citing Petrullo,
writes: “The best reporters of this group of Indians [Delaware] insist
that visions may occur under peyote intoxication but that it has
become socially admirable to suppress these visions and that, after
some practice, this may be successfully accomplished.” But after
establishing ordinarily friendly relations with informants I found no
such reticence about visions; these, indeed, were publicly discussed
in the Sunday forenoons after meetings (usually spent lounging under
“shades” quietly exchanging peyote experiences). Many, like Spotted Horse
(Kiowa), Tom Panther (Shawnee) and Sly Picard (Wichita) distinguished
the ordinary effects of peyote from full-blown “visions”; and some
corrective modesty is occasionally exhibited for the familiar Plains
assertiveness and individualism, for, in fact, through peyote visions
individuals push themselves to positions of leadership and influence.
Fernberger continues: “The informants also state that they are able
to control visions when they occur, that is, to change the vision to
that of any particular known object or to hold a vision that occurs in
consciousness for a considerable time. Both of these statements are
totally at variance with the descriptions of all previous observers of
the visual manifestations.” We disagree with this dictum; many informants
would paraphrase the statement of Tom Panther (Shawnee) that in peyote
intoxication, “I wasn’t boss of myself.” White observers too have
remarked on the dualism of consciousness exhibited by Crashing Thunder.
One might even go so far as to say that this is a reason natives think of
peyote as an _external_ “power” working its influence on them.
[37] Is the peculiar mode of wearing a blanket in meetings due to the
necessity of supporting the back in strychnine-opisthotonos (from
lophophorine and anhalonine)?
[38] Arlegui, _Crónica_, 144; Rouhier, _Monographie_, 331.
[39] Mooney, in Rouhier, _op. cit._, 344.
[40] “We’re pulling for daylight now—that’s the time those boys sang a
little faster” (Voegelin, _Shawnee Field Notes_). “I wish you could see
Quanah’s songs—they just like beautiful race horses—go fast” (Mooney,
_Peyote Notebook_, 12).
[41] Kroeber, _The Arapaho_, 404-405. Maillefert (_La Marihuana_, 6)
says that marihuana habitués in Mexico have special songs that they sing
together; a marked feature of the Mexican use of drugs, of which this may
be a case, is the pattern of group-narcosis.
[42] Radin, _Crashing Thunder_, 178.
[43] Lumholtz, _Unknown Mexico_, 2:272.
[44] This is obviously heavily culture-conditioned, but Klüver
(_Mescal_, 41) records the predominance of red and green early in
peyote intoxication, and yellow and blue in later stages, with possible
reference to the Ladd-Franklin phylogenetic theory of color vision.
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