Indians of North America -- Religion; Indians of North America -- Rites and ceremonies; Peyotism
The Huichol ritual paraphernalia is heavily symbolized. With his eagle
and hawk plumes the singing shaman can see and hear everything anywhere,
cure the sick, transform the dead, and even call down the sun; they
symbolize the antlers of deer, and deer-antlers in turn symbolize peyote
and the “chair” of Grandfather Fire. Peyote itself symbolizes both corn
and deer, while the flames of the greatest shaman of all, Grandfather
Fire, are his plumes (the brilliantly-colored macao is his particular
bird). Deer-antlers, furthermore, for the Huichol symbolize arrows,[41]
arrows being the symbol _par excellence_ of prayer. Again, arrows
symbolize a bird flying with outstretched neck, the feathered portion
representing the heart. The peyote plant, finally, is considered the
drinking-bowl of the god of fire and wind.[42]
This intricate symbolic complex (corn = peyote = drinking-bowl of
Grandfather Fire = god of wind = whirlwind = deer = deer-tracks = peyote
= deer-antlers = shaman’s plumes = deer antlers = chair of Grandfather
Fire = flames of fire = brilliant bird [macao] plumes = flying bird =
arrow = prayer for rain, corn and deer-hunting, etc.) is deeply rooted
in Huichol religion, and each one of the symbolic equations has a ritual
reflex.[43]
TARAHUMARI
Tarahumari peyotism is on the decline in Samachique, Quírara and
Guadalupe, though still remaining around Narárachic; in Guadalupe the
bakánawa cactus is valued instead. From two or three to a dozen men make
the month-long trip to the region around the mouth of the Rio Conchos at
any time of the year, though usually not in the rainy season. They first
purify themselves with copal incense; on the way anything may be eaten,
but in the hikuli country they eat only piñole, and speech is forbidden.
Arrived, they erect a cross near the first plants found, in order to
find an abundance of others, and carefully cut off the tops with wooden
sticks to leave the roots uninjured. They sing and eat green peyote while
gathering it and in the evening they dance the dutubúri around the cross
and a fire. The harvesting lasts several days, some taking turns dancing
while the others sleep. Each variety of hikuli is put in a separate bag,
for they would fight if mixed.[44]
The plants are left on a blanket in the mountains near home, and the
blood of a slaughtered sheep or goat is sprinkled on them to “feed” them,
with a special song. After drying they are placed in covered ollas away
from the house. The hikuli-seekers are met on their return with singing,
and a fiesta is held with the sacrificial sheep or goat. The dutubúri and
the hikuli-dance are then danced all night around a large open-air fire,
much green peyote and tesvino being consumed. This ceremony is to “cure”
the pilgrims: the shaman’s necklace of _Coix lachryma-Jobi_ seeds is
dipped into a bowl of agua-miel, sotoli, or mescal, each one receiving a
spoonful, while the shaman sings of hikuli standing on a Job’s Tears seed
as big as a mountain.[45]
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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