3.--Bossuet (d. 1704), the bishop of Meaux, wrote a "_Discourse on Universal History_." In Eng. Continued by Cramer, a German Protestant. 4.--Tillemont (d. 1698), a nobleman and priest, wrote fine biographies to 516 from the sources. An excellent piece of work in 16 vols. 5.--Du Pin (d. 1719) furnished a biographical and bibliographical Church history to the 17th century. 6.--Ceillier (d. 1763) wrote a similar work but more complete and valuable. 7.--Darras (d. 1872). _A General History of the Catholic Church._ Transl. by Spaulding. 4 vols. Not reliable. III.--German: 1.--Count Leopold von Stolberg (d. 1819), an ex-Protestant, wrote a Church history to 430 in 15 vols. Kerz continued it in 30 more vols. to 1192 and Brischar in 9 more vols. to 1245. 2.--Theodore Katerkamp (d. 1834), a professor at Munster, and a friend of Stolberg, wrote a history to 1153. 3.--Locherer (d. 1837), a professor at Giessen, produced a very liberal work up to 1073. 4.--Döllinger (d. 1890), a professor in Munich, was the most learned historian of the Catholic Church in the 19th cent. Was excommunicated for refusing to accept the Vatican decrees (1871). Most of his many works have been translated into Eng. 5.--Hefele (d. 1893), a professor at Tübingen and a bishop, wrote _History of the Councils_ to 1447. An excellent piece of work. Completed by Hergenröther. In Eng. 6.--Gfrörer (d. 1861) began his learned Church history as a rationalist (1841) and continued it from 1056 on as a Catholic. 7.--Hergenröther (d. 1890), cardinal and keeper of the papal archives at Rome, wrote a general history of the Church which is very partisan. IV.--English and American: 1.--Newman (d. 1890), an English cardinal, wrote _The Arians of the Fourth Century_ (1883), _Church of the Fathers_, and many other historical works. 2.--Allies, _The Formation of Christendom_. Lond., 1882-91. 7 vols. 3.--Spalding (1872), an American prelate, wrote _The History of the Protestant Reformation_, 2 vols., 1860, and edited Darras's _General History of the Catholic Church_. (1868) 4.--Gibbons (b. 1834), cardinal in the U. S., wrote _Faith of Our Fathers_ and other historical works. C.--Protestant Church Historians: I.--German: 1.--Matthias Flacius Illyricus (d. 1575), with ten educated Protestant scholars, produced the _Centuriæ Magdeburgenses_, covering 13 centuries in 13 vols., to justify the Reformation. Controversial. 2.--Hottinger (d. 1664) wrote a partisan history to 16th cent. in 9 vols. Not original.