I am inclined to bring in here, as a derivative form of _cal_, and perhaps corresponding with the Obs. Gael. _callaidh_, celer, the forms _caled_, _calt_, _gelt_. That the Germ. _kalt_, Eng. _cold_, may intermix, is very probable, but I do not think that all the English rivers at any rate can be placed to it. There is more to be said for it in the case of the Caldew than of the others, for one of the two streams that form it is called the Cald-beck (_i.e._, cold brook), and it seems natural that the whole river should then assume the name of Caldew (cold river). Yet there may be nothing more in it than that the Saxons or Danes who succeeded to the name, adopted it in their own sense, and _conformed_ to it. It is to be observed that although the form Caldew corresponds with the Germ. Chaldhowa, yet that the local pronunciation is invariably Cauda (=Calda), corresponding with the Scandinavian form. Upon the whole however, there is much doubt about this group; the form _gelt_ Förstemann refers, as I myself had previously done, to Old Norse _gelta_, in the sense of resonare. In the following names I take the Kalit(va) of Russia, and the Celydnus and Celadon of Greece to approach the nearest to the original form. 1. _England._ The GELT. Cumberland. The CHELT by Cheltenham--here? The CALD(EW). Cumberland. _Germany._ The CALD(HOWA), (_Adam Brem._), now seems to be called the Aue. _Russia._ The KALIT(VA). Joins the Donetz. 2. _With the ending en._ _Germany._ GELTEN(AHA), 11th cent., now the GELTN(ACH). _Greece._ CELYDNUS ant. Epirus. CELADON ant. Elis. 3. _With the ending er._ _England._ The CALDER. Three rivers. _Scotland._ The CALDER. Joins the Clyde. _Belgium._ GALTHERA, 9th cent. I am also inclined to bring in, as another derivative form of _cal_, the word _calip_, _calb_, _kelp_. The only appellatives I find for it are the word _kelp_, sea-weed, and the Scottish _kelpie_, a water-spirit, wherein, as in other words of the same sort, may perhaps lie a word for water. However, this can be considered as nothing more than a conjecture. 1. _Germany._ KALB(AHA), 8th cent., now the Kohlb(ach). The KULPA. Aust. Croatia. _Hungary._ COLAPIS ant., affluent of the Drave. _Spain._ The CHELVA. Prov. Valentia. _Portugal._ CALLĬPUS ant., now the Sadao. _Asia Minor._ CALBIS ant. Caria. CALPAS ant. Bithynia. 2. _With the ending en._ _Scotland._ The KELVIN. Stirling.