De tribus impostoribus; Rationalism; Spinoza, Benedictus de, 1632-1677
It is agreed, that as far as descent, and the common duties of life are
implicated, they possessed no quality to mark them out from the rest
of mankind. They were begotten by men, they were born of women, and
they sustained themselves as we do in the present day. In reference
to their minds, people would have us believe that God dealt with
these prophets in a way differing from that wherein he deals with
ordinary mortals, and that he disclosed himself to them in a manner
quite exclusive. Many persons consider this matter as a proved and
ascertained fact, without reflecting that every man may meet his
counterpart, and that we have one common origin; endeavouring at the
same time to persuade us that these men were cast in no common mould
and that they were selected by the Deity to proclaim his oracles. Now,
apart from the consideration that these inspired people were gifted
with only an average intellect, and with an understanding not much
above the common, what do we find in their writings to justify us
in forming so exalted an opinion of them? The matter of which they
treat is for the most part so obscure that no one can comprehend
it, and thrown together with so little order that it is easy to
perceive they did not understand it themselves; the whole showing
that they were both knaves and fools. Their impudence in boasting
that whatever they announced to the people came immediately from God,
gave rise to the respect which was paid to them. This assertion on
their part was equally absurd and ridiculous, seeing that according
to their own declaration God only spoke to them in dreams. There is
nothing more natural than that a man should dream; but a man must
be very impudent, very vain, and very stupid, to say that God speaks
to him in this manner, and a poor and credulous fool must he be who
should yield credence to such an assertion, and receive the dreams
of such visionaries for heavenly oracles. Suppose for a moment that
the Deity were to hold intercourse with a man by dreams, or visions,
or in any other way we can think of; nobody is obliged to believe
this on the mere assertion of a fellow-creature equally subject to
error with himself, and moreover, fallible in the way of lying and
imposture. Accordingly we find that under the ancient law, the prophets
were held in far less repute than they are at the present day. When
people got wearied of their babble, which often only tended to spread
revolt and to turn aside subjects from obedience to their sovereigns,
they silenced them by punishment. Jesus Christ himself did not escape
chastisement, for he had not, like Moses [22], an army at his back
to defend his opinions. Add to this, that the prophets were so much
accustomed to contradict each other, that out of four hundred of them
not one true or truth-speaking man could be found. [23] Moreover it
is certain that the drift of their prophesies, like that of the laws
promulgated by the most celebrated legislators, was to immortalize
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