Taira clan takes control of government, ousting aristocracy (1159) Minamoto clan replaces Taira (1185) KAMAKURA PERIOD (1185-1333) Warrior outpost in Kamakura becomes effective capital (1185) Eisai (1141-1215) introduces _koan_-oriented Rinzai sect of Zen on Kyushu (1191) Minamoto Yoritomo (1147-1199) becomes shogun (1192) Hojo clan assumes real power in Kamakura (1205) Shinran (1173-1262) founds rival Amidist sect called True Pure Land, or Jodo Shin (1224) Dogen (1200-1253) founds _zazen_-oriented Soto Zen (1236) Nichiren (1222-1282) founds new sect stressing chants to Lotus Sutra (1253) ASHIKAGA PERIOD (1133-1573) Hojo regency ended; Kamakura destroyed (1333) Emperor Godaigo briefly restores imperial rule (1334) Ashikaga Takauji (1305-1358) ousts Godaigo, who establishes rival court (1336) Takauji becomes shogun, beginning Ashikaga era proper (1338) Muso Soseki (1275-1351) convinces Takauji to found sixty-six Zen temples throughout Japan (1338) Landscape gardens evolve to reflect Zen aesthetic ideals Ashikaga Yoshimitsu (1358-1408) establishes relations with Ming China (1401) Zeami (1363-1443), encouraged by Yoshimitsu, creates No theater Golden Pavilion built by Yoshimitsu (begun 1394) Sung monochromes imported, inspiring re-creation of Chinese schools (fourteenth century) Yoshimasa (1435-1490) becomes shogun (1443) Onin War begins, to devastate Kyoto for ten years (1467) Silver Pavilion built by Yoshimasa; Zen architecture (1482) Tea ceremony begins to take classic shape as a celebration of Zen aesthetics Sesshu Toyo (1420-1506), greatest Japanese landscape artist Abstract stone gardens appear (ca. 1490) General anarchy envelops country (ca. 1500) Portuguese discover Japan, introduce firearms (1542) Francis Xavier arrives to preach (1549) Ashikaga shogunate overthrown by Oda Nobunaga (1534-1582) MOMOYAMA PERIOD (1573-1615) Nobunaga begins unification of Japan (1573) Nobunaga assassinated (1582) Hideyoshi (1536-1598) assumes control and continues unification (1582) Sen no Rikyu (1520-1591) propagates Zen aesthetics through tea ceremony City of Edo (Tokyo) founded (1590) Hideyoshi unsuccessfully invades Korea, returns with Korean ceramic artists (1592) Momoyama Castle built by Hideyoshi, giving name to the age (1594) Rise of elaborate arts in opposition to Zen aesthetic ideals Tokugawa Ieyasu (1542-1616) appointed shogun (1603) Ieyasu defeats forces supporting Hideyoshi's heir (1615) TOKUGAWA PERIOD (1615-1868) Ieyasu founds Tokugawa shogunate (1615) _Daimyo_ forced to begin system of attendance on Tokugawa in Edo Basho (1644-1694), greatest Haiku poet Popular arts of Kabuki and woodblock prints arise in Edo Classic Zen culture no longer supported by shogunate Hakuin (1685-1768) revives Zen and broadens appeal Zen culture influences popular arts and crafts MAJOR CHINESE PERIODS Han dynasty (206 B.C.-A.D. 220)