The English works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury, Volume 02 (of 11)
Thomas Hobbes · en
16. The _natural laws_ set down in the foregoing article concerning
the divine worship, only command the giving of natural signs of
honour. But we must consider that there are two kinds of signs; the
one _natural_; the other done upon _agreement_, or by express or
tacit composition. Now because in every language the use of _words_
and _names_ come by appointment, it may also by appointment be
altered; for that which depends on and derives its force from the
will of men, can by the will of the same men agreeing be changed
again or abolished. Such _names_ therefore as are _attributed_ to
God by the appointment of men, can by the same appointment be taken
away. Now what can be done by the appointment of men, that the city
may do. The city therefore by right, that is to say, they who have
the power of the whole city, shall judge what _names_ or
_appellations_ are more, what less _honourable_ for God; that is to
say, what doctrines are to be held and professed concerning the
nature of God and his operations. Now actions do signify not by
men’s appointment, but naturally; even as the effects are signs of
their causes. Whereof some are always signs of scorn to them before
whom they are committed; as those whereby the body’s uncleanness is
discovered, and whatsoever men are ashamed to do before those whom
they respect. Others are always signs of honour, as to draw near and
discourse decently and humbly, to give way or to yield in any matter
of private benefit. In these actions the city can alter nothing. But
there are infinite others, which, as much as belongs to honour or
reproach, are indifferent. Now these, by the institution of the
city, may both be made signs of honour, and being made so, do in
very deed become so. From whence we may understand, that we must
obey the city in whatsoever it shall command to be used for a sign
of honouring God, that is to say, for _worship_; provided it can be
instituted for a sign of honour; because that is a sign of honour,
which by the city’s command is used for such.
[Sidenote: God ruling by nature only, the city, that is to say, that
man or court which under God hath the sovereignty, is the
interpreter of all the laws.]