3. It happeneth sometimes, that he that hath a _good_ opinion of himself, and upon good ground, may nevertheless, by reason of the _frowardness_ which that passion begetteth, discover in himself some _defect_ or infirmity, the remembrance whereof dejecteth him; and this passion is called _shame_; by which being cooled and checked in his frowardness, he is more wary for the time to come. This passion, as it is a sign of _infirmity_, which is _dishonour_; so also it is a sign of _knowledge_, which is _honour_. The sign of it is _blushing_, which appeareth less in men conscious of their own defect, because they less betray the infirmities they acknowledge. [Sidenote: Courage.] 4. _Courage_, in a _large_ signification, is the _absence_ of _fear_ in the presence of any evil whatsoever: but in a _strict_ and more common meaning, it is _contempt_ of _wounds_ and _death_, when they oppose a man in the way to his end. [Sidenote: Anger.] 5. _Anger_ or sudden courage is nothing but the _appetite_ or desire of _overcoming present_ opposition. It hath been defined commonly to be grief proceeding from an opinion of contempt; which is confuted by the often experience which we have of being moved to anger by things inanimate, and without sense, and consequently incapable of contemning us. [Sidenote: Revengefulness.] 6. _Revengefulness_ is that passion which ariseth from an expectation or _imagination_ of _making_ him that hath _hurt_ us, _find_ his _own action hurtful_ to himself, and to _acknowledge_ the same; and this is the height of revenge: for though it be not hard, by returning evil for evil, to make one’s adversary displeased with his own fact; yet to make him acknowledge the same, is so difficult, that many a man had rather die than do it. Revenge aimeth not at the death, but at the captivity or subjection of an enemy; which was well expressed in the exclamation of Tiberius Cæsar, concerning one, that, to frustrate his revenge, had killed himself in prison; _Hath he escaped me?_ To _kill_, is the aim of them that _hate_, to _rid_ themselves out of fear: _revenge_ aimeth at _triumph_, which over the dead is not. [Sidenote: Repentance.] 7. _Repentance_ is the passion which proceedeth from _opinion_ or knowledge that the _action_ they have done is _out of the way_ to the _end_ they would attain: the effect whereof is, to pursue that way no longer, but, by the consideration of the end, to direct themselves into a better. The first motion therefore in this passion is _grief_; but the expectation or conception of returning again into the way, is _joy_; and consequently, the passion of _repentance_ is compounded and allayed of both: but the _predominant_ is _joy_; else were the whole grief, which cannot be, forasmuch as he that proceedeth towards the end, he conceiveth good, proceedeth with appetite; and appetite is joy, as hath been said, chapter VII. section 2. [Sidenote: Hope, despair, diffidence.]