8. _Hope_ is _expectation_ of _good_ to come, as fear is the expectation of evil: but when there be causes, some that make us expect good, and some that make us expect evil, alternately working in our mind; if the causes that make us expect good, be greater than those that make us expect evil, the whole passion is hope; if contrarily, the whole is fear. Absolute _privation_ of hope is _despair_, a degree whereof is _diffidence_. [Sidenote: Trust.] 9. _Trust_ is a passion proceeding from the _belief of_ him from whom we _expect_ or _hope_ for good, so _free_ from _doubt_ that upon the same we pursue no other way to attain the same good; as _distrust_ or diffidence is _doubt_ that maketh him endeavour to provide himself by other means. And that this is the meaning of the words trust and distrust, is manifest from this, that a man never provideth himself by a second way, but when he mistrusteth that the first will not hold. [Sidenote: Pity and hardness of heart.] 10. _Pity_ is _imagination_ or _fiction_ of _future_ calamity to _ourselves_, proceeding from the sense of _another_ man’s calamity. But when it lighteth on such as we think have not deserved the same, the compassion is greater, because then there appeareth more probability that the same may happen to us: for, the evil that happeneth to an innocent man, may happen to every man. But when we see a man suffer for great crimes, which we cannot easily think will fall upon ourselves, the pity is the less. And therefore men are apt to pity those whom they love: for, whom they love, they think worthy of good, and therefore not worthy of calamity. Thence it is also, that men pity the vices of some persons at the first sight only, out of love to their aspect. The contrary of pity is _hardness of heart_, proceeding either from _slowness_ of imagination, or some extreme great _opinion_ of their own _exemption_ from the like calamity, or from hatred of all or most men. [Sidenote: Indignation.] 11. _Indignation_ is that _grief_ which consisteth in the conception of _good success_ happening to them whom they think _unworthy_ thereof. Seeing therefore men think all those unworthy whom they hate, they think them not only unworthy of the good fortune they have, but also of their own virtues. And of all the passions of the mind, these two, indignation and pity, are most raised and increased by eloquence: for, the _aggravation_ of _the calamity_, and _extenuation_ of the _fault_, augmenteth _pity_; and the _extenuation_ of the _worth_ of the person, together with the magnifying of his success, which are the parts of an orator, are able to turn these two passions into _fury_. [Sidenote: Emulation and envy.]