4. _Voluntary_ also are the actions that proceed from sudden _anger_, or _other_ sudden _appetite_ in such men as can discern good or evil: for, in them the time precedent _is_ to be judged deliberation: for then also he deliberateth in what cases it is good to strike, deride, or do any other action proceeding from anger or other such sudden passion. 5. _Appetite_, _fear_, _hope_, and the rest of the passions are _not_ called _voluntary_; for they proceed _not from, but are the will_; and the will is not voluntary: for, a man can no more say he will will, than he will will will, and so make an infinite repetition of the word [_will_]; which is absurd, and insignificant. 6. Forasmuch as _will to do_ is _appetite_, and _will to omit_, _fear_; the _cause_ of _appetite_ and _fear_ is the _cause_ also of our _will_: but the propounding of the benefits and of harms, that is to say, of reward and punishment, is the cause of our appetite, and of our fears, and therefore also of our wills, so far forth as we believe that such rewards and benefits as are propounded, shall arrive unto us; and consequently, our _wills_ follow our _opinions_, as our _actions_ follow our _wills_; in which sense they say truly, and properly, that say the world is governed by opinion. 7. When the wills of many concur to one and the same action and effect, this _concourse_ of their _wills_ is called _consent_; by which we must not understand one will of many men, for every man hath his several will, but many wills to the producing of one effect: but when the _wills_ of two divers men _produce_ such actions as are reciprocally _resistant_ one to the other, this is called _contention_; and, being upon the persons one of another, _battle_: whereas actions proceeding from _consent_, are mutual _aid_. 8. When many wills are involved or included in the will of one or more consenting, (which how it may be, shall be hereafter declared) then is that involving of many wills in one or more, called _union_. 9. In _deliberations_ interrupted, as they may be by _diversion_ of other business, or by _sleep_, the last _appetite_ of such part of the deliberation is called _intention_, or _purpose_. ------- CHAPTER XIII.