The English works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury, Volume 05 (of 11) — Thomas Hobbes — John Shaqi
The English works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury, Volume 05 (of 11)
Thomas Hobbes · en
(_i_) “‘In the next place he will help me to understand,’ he says, ‘how
eternity is an indivisible point.’ The divine substance is indivisible;
but eternity is the divine substance. The major is evident, because God
is _actus simplicissimus_; the minor hath been clearly demonstrated in
my answer to his last doubt, and is confessed by all men, that
whatsoever is attributed to God is God.” The major is so far from being
evident, that _actus simplicissimus_ signifieth nothing. The minor is
said by some men, thought by no man; for whatsoever is thought, is
understood. And all that he hath elsewhere and here dilated upon it, is
as perfect nonsense, as any man ever writ on purpose to make merry with.
And so is that whereby he answers to my objection, that a point cannot
comprehend all time, which is successive; namely, his distinction, that
“a point doth not comprehend all time _formally_, as time is successive;
but _eminently_ and _virtually_, as eternity is infinite”. And this,
“to-day all eternity is co-existent with this day, and to-morrow all
eternity will be co-existent with to-morrow”. It is well that his
eternity is now come from a _nunc stans_ to be a _nunc fluens_, flowing
from this day to the next, and so on. This kind of language is never
found in the Scripture. No, but the thing, saith he, is found there,
namely, that God is infinite in all his attributes. I would he could
shew me the place where God is said to be infinite in all his
attributes. There be places enough to shew that God is infinite in
power, in wisdom, mercy, &c: but neither is he said to be infinite in
names (which is the English of attributes), nor that he is an
indivisible point, nor that a point doth comprehend time eminently and
virtually; nor that to-day all eternity is co-existent with to-day, &c.
And thus much in answer to his reply upon my answer. That which
remaineth, is my reply upon his answer to my positive doctrine on this
subject.
MY OPINION ABOUT LIBERTY AND NECESSITY NO. XXV.
_T. H._ First, I conceive that when it cometh into a man’s mind to do or
not to do some certain action, if he have no time to deliberate, the
doing or abstaining necessarily followeth the present thought he had of
the good or evil consequence thereof to himself. As for example, in
sudden anger the action shall follow the thought of revenge, in sudden
fear the thought of escape. Also when a man hath time to deliberate, but
deliberates not, because never anything appeared that could make him
doubt of the consequence, the action follows his opinion of the goodness
or harm of it. These actions I call voluntary. He, if I understand him
aright, calls them spontaneous. I call them voluntary, because those
actions that follow immediately the last appetite, are voluntary. And
here, where there is one only appetite, that one is the last.