9. +The Third Keltic Element.+-- This consists of comparatively few words-- such as _clan_; _claymore_ (a sword); _philabeg_ (a kind of kilt), _kilt_ itself, _brogue_ (a kind of shoe), _plaid_; _pibroch_ (bagpipe war-music), _slogan_ (a war-cry); and _whisky_. Ireland has given us _shamrock_, _gag_, _log_, _clog_, and _brogue_-- in the sense of a mode of speech. 10. +The Scandinavian Element in English.+-- Towards the end of the eighth century-- in the year 787-- the Teutons of the North, called Northmen, Normans, or Norsemen-- but more commonly known as Danes-- made their appearance on the eastern coast of Great Britain, and attacked the peaceful towns and quiet settlements of the English. These attacks became so frequent, and their occurrence was so much dreaded, that a prayer was inserted against them in a Litany of the time-- “From the incursions of the Northmen, good Lord, deliver us!” In spite of the resistance of the English, the Danes had, before the end of the ninth century, succeeded in obtaining a permanent footing in England; and, in the eleventh century, a Danish dynasty sat upon the English throne from the year 1016 to 1042. From the time of King Alfred, the Danes of the Danelagh were a settled part of the population of England; and hence we find, especially on the east coast, a large number of Danish names still in use. 11. +Character of the Scandinavian Element.+-- The Northmen, as we have said, were Teutons; and they spoke a dialect of the great Teutonic (or German) language. The sounds of the Danish dialect-- or language, as it must now be called-- are harder than those of the German. We find a +k+ instead of a +ch+; a +p+ preferred to an +f+. The same is the case in Scotland, where the hard form +kirk+ is preferred to the softer +church+. Where the Germans say +Dorf+-- our English word +Thorpe+, a village-- the Danes say +Drup+.