[387] Probably the earliest representation of a cow-bell in Great Britain is on the pre-Norman cross at Fowlis Wester, near Crieff, Perthshire. (1) _Material_—iron coated with bronze. (2) _Manufacture_—hammered and riveted; coating of bronze put on by means of a process analogous to tinning. (3) _Form_—tall, narrow, tapering, four-sided; ends flattened; sides bulged. (4) _Size_—portable; provided with handle so as to be easily swung by hand. The original home of ecclesiastical bells of this type was in Ireland, where there are still the greatest number in existence, and thence they spread to Scotland, Wales, England, Brittany, France, and Switzerland. The largest iron bell of this kind is preserved in the Church of Birnie, near Elgin, N.B. It is 1 foot 2 inches high, and 7 inches by 5 inches at the bottom, tapering to 4½ inches by 3 inches at the top. It is riveted down each of the narrow sides with four rivets, and the handle is fixed to the top by four much smaller rivets. As a rule, however, the height of such bells rarely exceeds 1 foot or is less than 8 inches. The Celtic ecclesiastical bell of wrought-iron was afterwards copied in cast bronze. It is reasonable to suppose that the bronze bells are of later date than those of iron (1) because the rectangular shape is useless and meaningless in the case of a bronze bell, and results from copying an iron bell, in which the rectangular shape is necessitated by its method of construction; (2) because the bronze bells are of more refined shape and better manufacture than those of iron; and (3) because the bronze bells are in many cases ornamented. Celtic ecclesiastical bells of cast bronze may be divided into the following classes:— (1) Bronze bells without ornament. (2) Bronze bells without ornament, but inscribed. (3) Bronze bells with ornamented handles. (4) Bronze bells with ornamented bodies. Examples of Celtic quadrangular bells of cast bronze without ornament have been recorded at the following places:— WALES— Llanrhyddlad, Anglesey (_Archæologia Cambrensis_, 4th ser., vol. ii., p. 275). Llangystenyn, Carnarvonshire; now in the Powysland Museum at Welshpool (_Montgomeryshire Collections_, vol. xxv., p. 327). SCOTLAND— Eilean Finan, Loch Shiel, Argyllshire (Dr. J. Anderson’s _Scotland in Early Christian Times_, 1st ser., p. 198). Insh, near Kingussie, Inverness-shire (_Ibid._, p. 195). Little Dunkeld, Perthshire (_Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. xxiii., p. 119). Forteviot, Perthshire (_Ibid._, vol. xxvi., p. 434). IRELAND— Garton, Co. Donegal (Rev. H. T. Ellacombe’s _Church Bells of Devon—Supplement_, p. 342). Lower Badony, Co. Tyrone (_Ibid._, p. 344). Scattery Island, Co. Clare; now in the British Museum (_Ibid._, p. 344).