Celtic art in Pagan and Christian times — John Stuart Mill — John Shaqi
Celtic art in Pagan and Christian times
John Stuart Mill · en
Dr. Arthur Evans[30] divides the Hallstatt remains into an earlier and
a later group, the former dating from about 750 to 550 B.C. During the
later period, from 550 B.C., he thinks there was a tendency for the
typically Gaulish or Late-Celtic culture to overlap that of the Early
Iron Age. The Gallo-Italian tomb of a Celtic chieftain, found in 1867
at Sesto-Calende,[31] at the south end of Lago Maggiore, illustrates
the transition from the Hallstatt to the La Tène culture. Amongst the
grave-goods were a situla with figure subjects in repoussé metalwork
and a short pointed iron sword having a handle furnished with antennæ,
like those from Hallstatt.
[30] Rhind Lectures on the “Origins of Celtic Art,” Lecture II., as
reported in the _Scotsman_ for December 12th, 1895.
[31] S. Reinach’s _Les Celtes_, p. 49.
In addition, there were the remains of a chariot, horse-trappings, a
bronze war-trumpet, helmet and greaves, and iron lance-head, such as we
should expect to find buried with a Celtic warrior in the Iron Age in
Gaul or Britain.
La Tène (which gives its name to the modified and later form of
Hallstatt culture as it existed in Central Europe from about 400 B.C.,
when the name of the Gaul superseded that of the Celt, to the time of
Cæsar’s conquest) is a military stronghold, or oppidum, situated at the
N.E. end of the Lake of Neuchâtel, commanding an important pass between
the upper Rhone and the Rhine. The remains at La Tène were first
explored by Colonel Schwab in 1858, and subsequently by E. Vouga in
1880. The objects derived from this remarkable site are to be seen in
the public museums at Bienne, Neuchâtel, and Berne; and in the private
collections of Colonel Schwab, Professor Desor, E. Vouga, Dardel
Thorens, and Dr. Gross.[32]
According to Dr. Arthur Evans, the date of the culminating epoch
of Gaulish civilisation, as represented by the antiquities from La
Tène, is probably the third century B.C. It was at this period that
the earlier foreign elements derived from Hallstatt, and even from
countries further afield, became thoroughly assimilated, and the style
of art called Late-Celtic began to take definite shape.
The typical arms found at La Tène are:—
(1) A long sword with a double-edged iron blade having a
blunt point. The length and flexibility of the blade made it
useless for thrusting in the way which was possible with the
shorter and more rigid leaf-shaped sword of the Bronze Age,
so the pointed end was abandoned.
(2) Lances with an iron point often of a peculiar curved
form.[33]
(3) An oval shield of thin bronze plates ornamented with
bosses.
(4) A horned helmet of bronze.
[32] The remains are fully described in Dr. F. Keller’s
_Lake-Dwellings_; Dr. R. Munro’s _Lake-Dwellings of Europe_; E. Vouga’s
_Les Helvètes à la Tène_; and Dr. Gross’ _La Tène un Oppidum Helvète_.