The _hauban_, according to _Livre des Métiers_, Section I, Art. 7, “is the name appropriate to a tax assessed from ancient times, by which it was established that whoever should be a payer of _hauban_ would have more freedom and less taxes to pay for his right of trade and commerce.” It was a sort of agreement offering the advantage of combining in one payment a large number of daily dues. For this privilege the bakers owed 6 _sous_, the retailers of bread and salt, 3 _sous_, the butchers 6 _sous_, the fishermen, purse-makers and curriers 3 _sous_, the glovers 3 _sous_, 8 _deniers_, and the old-clothes men 6 _sous_ and 8 _deniers_. The _tonlieu_, also called the tax of buying and selling, was the real tax on trade. At every sale, the merchant and the customer owed a small per cent. of the purchase to the city or lord who controlled the market. About twenty chapters of Part II in the _Livre des Métiers_ are devoted to an elaborate schedule of this tax which varied according as the sale was at shop, fair or market. In general, M. Lespinasse estimates, the _tonlieu_ equalled 4 _deniers_ per wagon-load, 2 per cart-load, 1 _denier_ for beast-of-burden’s load, and 1 obole for a man’s load. The _coutume_ was very irregularly shared; it usually fell due at several times through the year. So the bakers owed 6 _deniers_ at Christmas, 22 at Easter, and 5 at St. John’s Day, and a _tonlieu_ of 1½ _deniers_ in bread or money per week. The retailers of produce also owed these taxes if they dealt in bread. At any earlier period, the _coutume_ was always paid ‘in nature,’ i.e. in the product itself. Accordingly, the hay-merchants owed a box of new hay every time the King entered the city. The wooden-utensils makers furnished seven casks, two feet long, towards the up-keep of the King’s cellars, and for this service they were excused from the watch. The farriers owed at first the _fers du Roi_; i.e. they had to keep the saddle-horses of the court well shod. But later this function was compounded in terms of money, due to the royal maréchal in consideration of which he had the horses shod. Another feudal obligation irksome to some of the gilds was the personal “duty of the watch”—the _guet_. As the masters of the gilds were alone responsible for this important service, it was also called the _guet de métiers_. Each gild had its turn about every three weeks, when the masters must go at nightfall to the Châtelet and answer the roll. The watch then lasted from curfew till the next sunrise. Usually the gilds which served the aristocracy most directly were exempt from this duty. Among these were the goldsmiths, _barilliers_, armorers, painters, sculptors, bow-makers, flower- and plumed-hat makers, and haberdashers. How irksome this duty had become may be inferred from two statutes in the _Livre des Métiers_. The garment-cutters say: