Enfranchisement of women : $b Reprinted from the Westminster and Foreign Quarterly Review, for July 1851 — John Stuart Mill — John Shaqi
Enfranchisement of women : $b Reprinted from the Westminster and Foreign Quarterly Review, for July 1851
John Stuart Mill · en
The meaning being, merely, that power makes itself the centre of
moral obligation, and that a man likes to have his own will, but does
not like that his domestic companion should have a will different from
his.
We are far from pretending that in modern and civilized times no
reciprocity of obligation is acknowledged on the part of the stronger.
Such an assertion would be very wide of the truth. But even this
reciprocity, which has disarmed tyranny, at least in the higher and
middle classes, of its most revolting features, yet when combined with
the original evil of the dependent condition of women, has introduced
in its turn serious evils.
In the beginning, and among tribes which are still in a primitive
condition, women were and are the slaves of men for the purposes of
toil. All the hard bodily labor devolves on them. The Australian savage
is idle, while women painfully dig up the roots on which he lives. An
American Indian, when he has killed a deer, leaves it, and sends a
woman to carry it home. In a state somewhat more advanced, as in Asia,
women were and are the slaves of men for the purposes of sensuality.
In Europe, there early succeeded a third and milder dominion, secured
not by blows, nor by locks and bars, but by sedulous inculcation on the
mind; feelings also of kindness, and ideas of duty, such as a superior
owes to inferiors under his protection, became more and more involved
in the relation. But it did not, for many ages, become a relation of
companionship, even between unequals; the lives of the two persons were
apart. The wife was part of the furniture of home, of the resting-place
to which the man returned from business or pleasure. His occupations
were, as they still are, among men; his pleasures and excitements
also were, for the most part, among men--among his equals. He was a
patriarch and a despot within four walls, and irresponsible power had
its effect, greater or less according to his disposition, in rendering
him domineering, exacting, self-worshipping, when not capriciously or
brutally tyrannical. But if the moral part of his nature suffered, it
was not necessarily so, in the same degree, with the intellectual or
the active portion. He might have as much vigor of mind and energy of
character as his nature enabled him, and as the circumstances of his
times allowed. He might write the "Paradise Lost," or win the battle
of Marengo. This was the condition of the Greeks and Romans, and of
the moderns until a recent date. Their relations with their domestic
subordinates occupied a mere corner, though a cherished one, of their
lives. Their education as men, the formation of their character and
faculties, depended mainly on a different class of influences.