In New Zealand the winter is passed in both egg and larval stages, though a few adults may be found at that time; on turning over what appears to be an adult, it will usually be found that the female has died and her place taken by numerous eggs (Fig. 5). The average number of eggs produced has been estimated at from 1,500 to 2,000 per female; at first the eggs are white, but prior to hatching they turn a deep orange-red. Development is slow, the adult state being reached about three months after time of hatching; egg laying commences about five weeks after maturity, and continues for a period of about six weeks. There is only one generation each year, and all stages may be met with on the one plant; the greatest activity occurs during the summer months. An important natural enemy of this scale is the steel-blue ladybird beetle (_Orcus chalybæus_), introduced from Australia. HEMISPHERICAL SCALE(_Saissetia hemispherica_).--This world-wide species is commonly met with in New Zealand, and, though not a serious pest, has a wide range of host plants, both in the open and under glass; some of the commoner hosts are citrus, fig, oleander, palms, japonica, camellia, asparagus, and orchids. Both leaves and stems are infested by the insect, which resembles the olive scale (Fig. 6, e); from the latter it may be distinguished by its light brown colour and smooth surface, there being no ridges; the longest diameter of the adult female is one-seventh of an inch. Between 500 and 1,000 eggs are laid by each female, and the life-cycle is completed in about six months; the young insects settle along the main leaf-veins. TURTLE SCALE(_Coccus hesperidum_).--This widely-distributed insect, though common in hot-houses and out of doors in the warmer parts of the Dominion, is not especially injurious, except for the copious honey-dew secreted and the consequent sooty mould; it occurs on holly, ivy, camellia, citrus, laurel, myrtle, oleander, and japonica. The insect infests leaves and stems, and is especially abundant on succulent growth. The adult female is rather reddish-brown in colour, dome-shaped, but with the margins flattened on the host plant; on each side the margin is notched by a shallow depression, and there is a deeper one at one end; over the surface is a reticulation of ridges, resembling the pattern on the back of a turtle; fully-developed individuals measure from one-sixth to one-eighth inch in diameter. This species is viviparous, and development to the adult occupies about nine weeks; there may be three or four generations each year. FRUIT LECANIUM SCALE(_Eulecanium corni_).--This European insect is common throughout the Dominion, where occasionally it becomes epidemic and causes some temporary damage; with it are associated honey-dew and sooty mould. Among the plants infested are apricot, peach, nectarine, plum, pear, grape-vine, wistaria, raspberry, mulberry, blackberry, gooseberry, black currant, ferns.