The training of teachers in the United States of America — John Stuart Mill — John Shaqi
The training of teachers in the United States of America
John Stuart Mill · en
Much time is given to “Methods” in all the Normal Schools. Besides the
so-called “Methods” taught by means of academic studies, the subject
is usually taken up again in connection with applied psychology. The
school subjects, treated one by one in detail, are used to illustrate
principles of education, while much reference is made at every stage to
the personal experience of teacher and students. Many different plans
are adopted in teaching “Methods.” At the Normal School, Westchester,
I heard a lesson which was in the form of a modified “recitation.” A
certain point had been chosen for discussion. The students had prepared
the subject beforehand, and some had written short essays, which they
read in turn. Afterwards the whole class was questioned by the teacher.
As new ideas were brought forward, they were noted on the blackboard
by the students who supplied them, until a complete sketch was made. A
discussion on “Noise in Class” was carried on somewhat in the same way.
At Westfield, Massachusetts, the lessons on “Didactics” are carried
out on a similar plan, the students being called upon in turn to
furnish certain parts of the subject, and to build up a sketch on the
blackboard.
At the Normal School, Albany, methods are taught thus:--With each
of three terms of psychology, certain subjects are chosen for
consideration. A syllabus of work in a certain subject is given in
by each student. It is carefully discussed in class. Then parts of
the detailed syllabus are taken in order, methods of dealing with any
particular part discussed, and one method decided upon as best. For
the next day, all the students prepare a lesson on the part selected,
and any one of them may be called upon to give it to his or her
fellow-students. Then follows criticism by teacher and students. The
plan of requiring all students to consider detailed methods in all
subjects seems not to be altogether a good one. It assumes a knowledge
of all the subjects of study on the part of all students, a condition
only attainable at the price of superficiality. Even where a general
knowledge of subjects can be relied upon, details in method cannot do
other than encourage empiricism, in cases where the knowledge of the
subject matter is not thorough and complete. It would seem better,
especially in the case of training institutions like that at Albany,
designed to give purely professional training to teachers of higher
grades, to encourage more specialization, and to allow all students
some choice of method subjects, so that dead forms of method might
be made as few as possible. The system of giving detailed methods to
all stimulates, too, a tendency to rigid forms of lesson-giving, and
somewhat encourages the idea that there is only one good arrangement
of subject matter for a particular lesson, and one good way of giving
it. This is, I think, a danger of all method-teaching; but it is much
intensified where methods are discussed in great detail.