The training of teachers in the United States of America — John Stuart Mill — John Shaqi
The training of teachers in the United States of America
John Stuart Mill · en
At the Model School connected with the Oswego Normal School, natural
history is made the central subject, and reading, writing, and drawing
are made to bear upon it. The natural history course, including both
plants and animals, is most carefully planned to suit the seasons
of the year. As each plant or animal is studied, it is drawn by the
children, stories are told about it, the children write about it, read
about it, and make it a general object of study for some time. The work
is carefully graded for different ages, but the subject or topic of
study is the same throughout the school at the same time.
At the Cook County Normal School, Illinois, all the teaching is made
to group itself round three subjects--science, geography, history; and
these subjects are made to include everything forming the environment
of the child. The study of form and number, instead of being followed
as separate subjects in themselves, are considered merely as means of
studying these three comprehensive subjects--as modes of thinking in
fact. Hearing, observing, and reading are regarded as different ways
of gaining ideas, and as such, silent reading is encouraged, and many
devices are used for helping the child to get quickly and clearly the
ideas from the printed or written page. Writing, music, modelling,
painting, drawing, speaking, are considered as means of expressing
ideas about objects studied--the act of expression making the ideas
clearer. Thus, number or arithmetic is taught, not, as is usual, by
means of problems specially made and arranged in books of arithmetical
examples; but in close connection with any class subject. I heard part
of a course of excellent laboratory lessons in Science, given to Summer
School Students at this school, and as the methods employed were those
of the ordinary Normal School Course, I may mention them here. At the
end of each lesson the teacher used the numerical results obtained
by individual students, and worked them into arithmetical problems.
For example, the subjects used for successive number lessons were as
follows:
Conductivity of heat in metals.
Expansion of metals by heat.
Determination of boiling-point of fresh and salt water.
Such a treatment of subjects is a strong protest against routine
work and rigid method. It allows great scope to the teacher by
concentrating attention on the child and its needs, rather than on the
artificial divisions into so-called subjects, and their methods. On the
other hand, it puts great responsibility upon the teacher, and taxes
his skill to the utmost. There are many difficulties in adopting the
plan, one of the chief being the construction of the school time-table.
In any case, the practical application of such a system can only be
partial, until all teachers are enthusiasts and experts; but the lines
of work seem to be true lines, and may be suggestive of much that shall
reform some of our own old methods.
PRACTICE IN TEACHING.