Celtic art in Pagan and Christian times — John Stuart Mill — John Shaqi
Celtic art in Pagan and Christian times
John Stuart Mill · en
[Illustration: Bronze Spear-heads ornamented with rows of dots
In the Museum of the Royal Irish Academy, Dublin]
The decoration of the bronze implements, gold lunulæ, and jet necklaces
of the Bronze Age corresponds very nearly with that of the sepulchral
pottery. All the designs are founded upon the chevron, and the only
differences are in the methods of execution. On the objects of metal
the patterns are produced by the hammer, punch, and graver,[64] and on
the flat jet beads of the necklaces by a borer.
[64] Sir W. Wylde’s _Catal. Mus. R. I. A._, p. 388.
[Illustration: Gold Lunula from Killarney
Now in the Museum of the Royal Irish Academy, Dublin]
The bronze implements most frequently decorated are celts and razors,
and more rarely dagger-blades and spear-heads.
Of the three classes of bronze celts, namely,[65]
(1) Flat celts,
(2) Winged and flanged celts,
(3) Socketed celts,
it is only the first two that are decorated with chevron patterns in
the same way as the sepulchral pottery. The socketed celts, which
are later than the others, are ornamented with concentric circles
resembling those on certain Gaulish terra-cotta figures.[66]
On some of the bronze spear-heads in the Museum of the Royal Irish
Academy the ornament consists of lines of small dots. The dotted
patterns in the Irish MSS. of the Christian period may possibly be
traced to this source.
The greatest number of gold lunulæ, most of which exhibit the
characteristic chevron-motive decoration of the Bronze Age, have been
found in Ireland. Dr. W. Frazer has compiled a list of known examples,
which will be found in the _Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries
of Ireland_.[67] The numbers are as follows:—
Museum of the Royal Irish Academy 32
British Museum 11
Edinburgh Museum 4
Belfast Museum 1
Private Collections 3
Present owners unknown 9
Found in France 2
[65] _Early Man in Britain_, p. 350; and _British Museum Bronze Age
Guide_, p. 40.
[66] _Archæologia Cambrensis_, ser. 3, vol. xiv., p. 308.
[67] 5th ser., vol. vii., p. 41.
The decoration consists of very fine lines executed with chisel-edged
punches,[68] and it is concentrated on the edges and the two horns of
the crescent, the broad part of the crescent in the middle being quite
plain, as will be seen in the specimen illustrated on page 40 from
Killarney, now in the Museum of the Royal Irish Academy in Dublin.
[68] Sir W. Wilde’s _Catal. of Antiquities of Gold in Mus. R. I. A._,
p. 10.
The lunulæ were probably worn as head-dresses or else round the neck,
and the contrast between the large expanse of burnished gold and the
delicately engraved patterns must have been very effective when seen
flashing in the bright sunlight.