Also, by a third 193 The Sophist is traced down, from the genus of separating or discriminating art 194 In a logical classification, low and vulgar items deserve as much attention as grand ones. Conflict between emotional and scientific classification 195 The purifier--a species under the genus discriminator--separates good from evil. Evil is of two sorts; the worst sort is, Ignorance, mistaking itself for knowledge 197 Exhortation is useless against this worst mode of evil. Cross-examination, the shock of the Elenchus, must be brought to bear upon it. This is the sovereign purifier _ib._ The application of this Elenchus is the work of the Sophist, looked at on its best side. But looked at as he really is, he is a juggler who teaches pupils to dispute about every thing--who palms off falsehood for truth 198 Doubt started by the Eleate. How can it be possible either to think or to speak falsely? 199 He pursues the investigation of this problem by a series of questions _ib._ The Sophist will reject our definition and escape, by affirming that to speak falsely is impossible. He will require us to make out a rational theory, explaining Non-Ens 200 The Eleate turns from Non-Ens to Ens. Theories of various philosophers about Ens _ib._ Difficulties about Ens are as great as those about Non-Ens 201 Whether Ens is Many or One? If Many, how Many? Difficulties about One and the Whole. Theorists about Ens cannot solve them 201 Theories of those who do not recognise a definite number of Entia or elements. Two classes thereof 202 1. The Materialist Philosophers. 2. The Friends of Forms or Idealists, who recognise such Forms as the only real Entia _ib._ Argument against the Materialists--Justice must be something, since it may be either present or absent, making sensible difference--But Justice is not a body 203 At least many of them will concede this point, though not all Ens is common to the corporeal and the incorporeal. Ens is equivalent to potentiality 204 Argument against the Idealists--who distinguish Ens from the generated, and say that we hold communion with the former through our minds, with the latter through our bodies and senses _ib._ Holding communion--What? Implies Relativity. Ens is known by the mind. It therefore suffers or undergoes change. Ens includes both the unchangeable and the changeable 205 Motion and rest are both of them Entia or realities. Both agree in Ens. Ens is a _tertium quid_--distinct from both. But how can anything be distinct from both? 206 Here the Eleate breaks off without solution. He declares his purpose to show, That Ens is as full of puzzle as Non-Ens _ib._ Argument against those who admit no predication to be legitimate, except identical. How far Forms admit of intercommunion with each other _ib._ No intercommunion between any distinct forms. Refuted. Common speech is inconsistent with this hypothesis 207